ARBER, Werner. Nobel Laureate (1978 - physiology or medicine, for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to molecular genetics). Arber et. al state that "the deeper we penetrate in the studies of genetic exchange the more we discover a multitude of mechanisms" involved in human genetics that falsify the mutation plus natural selection core of macroevolution. Some of these factors act as promoters or to set limits on genetic factors, and some do both. (Arber, W., D. Nathans, and H. O. Smith. 1992. 1978 Physiology or Medicine, Nobel Lectures: Physiology or Medicine 1971-1980, 469-492).

Arber once wrote that because of its "highly aleatoric |random| nature, biological evolution is often considered to be mainly the result of accumulated errors," but because biological evolution was given "great importance with respect to the long-term maintenance of life on the planet…it is not likely nor conceptually satisfactory that biological evolution could be based uniquely on mistakes." (Arber, W. 1991. Elements in Microbial Evolution. Journal of Molecular Evolution. 33: 4-12). Ed. note by Kevin Wirth: Please observe that JME is a highly respected peer-reviewed journal.

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